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Django + Uwsgi + Nginx 实现生产环境部署
本节内容
uwsgi 介绍
uwsgi安装使用
nginx安装配置
django with nginx
如何在生产上部署Django?
Django的部署可以有很多方式，采用nginx+uwsgi的方式是其中比较常见的一种方式。
uwsgi介绍
uWSGI是一个Web服务器，它实现了WSGI协议、uwsgi、http等协议。Nginx中HttpUwsgiModule的作用是与uWSGI服务器进行交换。
要注意 WSGI / uwsgi / uWSGI 这三个概念的区分。
- WSGI是一种Web服务器网关接口。它是一个Web服务器（如nginx，uWSGI等服务器）与web应用（如用Flask框架写的程序）通信的一种规范。
- uwsgi是一种线路协议而不是通信协议，在此常用于在uWSGI服务器与其他网络服务器的数据通信。
- 而uWSGI是实现了uwsgi和WSGI两种协议的Web服务器。
- uwsgi协议是一个uWSGI服务器自有的协议，它用于定义传输信息的类型（type of information），每一个uwsgi packet前4byte为传输信息类型描述，它与WSGI相比是两样东西。
uwsgi性能非常高
uWSGI的主要特点如下
- 超快的性能
- 低内存占用（实测为apache2的mod_wsgi的一半左右）
- 多app管理（终于不用冥思苦想下个app用哪个端口比较好了-.-）
- 详尽的日志功能（可以用来分析app性能和瓶颈）
- 高度可定制（内存大小限制，服务一定次数后重启等）
总而言之uwgi是个部署用的好东东，正如uWSGI作者所吹嘘的：
If you are searching for a simple wsgi-only server, uWSGI is not for you, but if you are building a real (production-ready) app that need to be rock-solid, fast and easy to distribute/optimize for various load-average, you will pathetically and morbidly fall in love (we hope) with uWSGI.
Uwsgi 安装使用
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# Install the latest stable release:
pip install uwsgi
# ... or if you want to install the latest LTS (long term support) release,
pip install https:``/``/``projects.unbit.it``/``downloads``/``uwsgi``-``lts.tar.gz
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基本测试
Create a file called test.py:
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# test.py
def application(env, start_response):
``start_response(``'200 OK'``, [(``'Content-Type'``,``'text/html'``)])
``return [b``"Hello World"``] ``# python3
``#return ["Hello World"] # python2
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运行
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uwsgi ``-``-``http :``8000 -``-``wsgi``-``file test.py
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用uwsgi 启动django
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uwsgi ``-``-``http :``8000 -``-``module mysite.wsgi
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可以把参数写到配置文件里
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alex@alex``-``ubuntu:~``/``uwsgi``-``test$ more crazye``-``uwsgi.ini
[uwsgi]
http ``= :``9000
#the local unix socket file than commnuincate to Nginx
socket ``= 127.0``.``0.1``:``8001
# the base directory (full path)
chdir ``= /``home``/``alex``/``CrazyEye
# Django's wsgi file
wsgi``-``file = CrazyEye``/``wsgi.py
# maximum number of worker processes
processes ``= 4
#thread numbers startched in each worker process
threads ``= 2
#monitor uwsgi status
stats ``= 127.0``.``0.1``:``9191
# clear environment on exit
vacuum ``= true
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启动
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/``usr``/``local``/``bin``/``uwsgi crazye``-``uwsgi.ini
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Nginx安装使用
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sudo apt``-``get install nginx
sudo ``/``etc``/``init.d``/``nginx start ``# start nginx
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为你的项目生成Nginx配置文件
You will need the uwsgi_params file, which is available in the nginx directory of the uWSGI distribution, or from https://github.com/nginx/nginx/blob/master/conf/uwsgi_params
Copy it into your project directory. In a moment we will tell nginx to refer to it.
Now create a file called mysite_nginx.conf, and put this in it:
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# mysite_nginx.conf
# the upstream component nginx needs to connect to
upstream django {
``# server unix:///path/to/your/mysite/mysite.sock; # for a file socket
``server ``127.0``.``0.1``:``8001``; ``# for a web port socket (we'll use this first)
}
# configuration of the server
server {
``# the port your site will be served on
``listen ``8000``;
``# the domain name it will serve for
``server_name .example.com; ``# substitute your machine's IP address or FQDN
``charset utf``-``8``;
``# max upload size
``client_max_body_size ``75M``; ``# adjust to taste
``# Django media
``location ``/``media {
``alias ``/``path``/``to``/``your``/``mysite``/``media; ``# your Django project's media files - amend as required
``}
``location ``/``static {
``alias ``/``path``/``to``/``your``/``mysite``/``static; ``# your Django project's static files - amend as required
``}
``# Finally, send all non-media requests to the Django server.
``location ``/ {
``uwsgi_pass django;
``include ``/``path``/``to``/``your``/``mysite``/``uwsgi_params; ``# the uwsgi_params file you installed
``}
}
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This conf file tells nginx to serve up media and static files from the filesystem, as well as handle requests that require Django’s intervention. For a large deployment it is considered good practice to let one server handle static/media files, and another handle Django applications, but for now, this will do just fine.
Symlink to this file from /etc/nginx/sites-enabled so nginx can see it:
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sudo ln ``-``s ~``/``path``/``to``/``your``/``mysite``/``mysite_nginx.conf ``/``etc``/``nginx``/``sites``-``enabled``/
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Deploying static files
Before running nginx, you have to collect all Django static files in the static folder. First of all you have to edit mysite/settings.py adding:
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STATIC_ROOT ``= os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ``"static/"``)
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and then run
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python manage.py collectstatic
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此时启动Nginx 和Uwsgi，你的django项目就可以实现高并发啦！
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